By Ross Andersen
Adam Riess was 27 years old when he began the work that earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics, and just 41 when he received it. Earlier this year, Riess, who is now in his early 50s, pulled a graph-paper notebook off a bookshelf in his office at Johns Hopkins University so that I could see the yellowing page on which he’d made his famous calculations. He told me how these pen scratches led to a new theory of the universe. And then he told me why he now thinks that theory might be wrong.
亚当·里斯27岁时开始了他的诺贝尔物理学奖研究，而获奖时他才41岁。今年早些时候，现年50多岁的里斯从他位于约翰·霍普金斯大学的办公室书架上抽出一本方格纸笔记本，让我看看他那张泛黄的纸上记录着他著名计算的纸张。他告诉我，这些笔迹是如何催生出一个新的宇宙理论的。然后，他又告诉我，为什么他现在认为这个理论可能是错误的。
For nearly a century, astronomers have known that the universe is expanding, because the galaxies that we can see around us through telescopes are all rushing away. Riess studied how they moved. He very carefully measured the distance of each one from Earth, and when all the data came together, in 1998, the results surprised him. They were “shocking even,” he told his colleagues in a flustered email that he sent on the eve of his honeymoon. A striking relationship had emerged: The farther away that galaxies were, the faster they were receding. This “immediately suggested a profound conclusion,” he said in his Nobel Prize lecture. Something is causing the expansion of the universe to accelerate.
近一个世纪以来，天文学家们已经知道宇宙正在膨胀，因为我们通过望远镜观测到的周围星系都在快速远离。里斯研究了它们的运动方式。他非常仔细地测量了每个星系与地球的距离，当所有数据在1998年汇总到一起时，结果令他大吃一惊。在他蜜月旅行前夕发出的一封慌乱的电子邮件中，他告诉同事们，这些结果“甚至令人震惊”。一个惊人的关系浮现出来：星系距离地球越远，它们远离的速度就越快。这“立即暗示了一个深刻的结论”，他在诺贝尔奖获奖感言中说道。某种东西正在导致宇宙加速膨胀。
Riess’s genius lies in making precise observations, but the task of explaining the accelerating expansion that he discovered fell to theorists. They proposed the existence of dark energy: a faint, repulsive force that pervades all of empty space. The amount of dark energy that fits inside your bedroom, say, isn’t very strong. It won’t blow the walls out. But when dark energy’s power sums across truly cosmic volumes of space, it can drive galaxy clusters apart. And as this process puts more space between those galaxies, the repulsive force only strengthens, speeding up the expansion of the universe. Telescopes can see hundreds of billions of galaxies today, but trillions upon trillions of years from now, dark energy will have driven them all out of sight. Eventually, it will dilute every last bit of matter and energy into a cold equilibrium, a thin gruel of nothingness.
里斯的天才之处在于他进行了精确的观测，但解释他所发现的加速膨胀的任务却落到了理论家的身上。他们提出了暗能量的存在：一种微弱的排斥力，弥漫在整个虚空之中。比如说，能装进你卧室的暗能量，强度并不高。它不会炸毁墙壁。但当暗能量的能量在真正宇宙大小的空间中聚集时，它就能驱散星系团。随着这一过程在星系之间拉开更多空间，排斥力只会增强，从而加速宇宙的膨胀。如今，望远镜可以看到数千亿个星系，但数万亿年后，暗能量将把它们全部驱散到看不见的地方。最终，它会将每一点物质和能量稀释成一种冰冷的平衡状态，一团稀薄的虚无。
By doing the work that led to the discovery of dark energy, Riess had helped add the final piece to what has since come to be called the “standard model of cosmology.” Indeed, few people played a larger role in establishing the standard model as the field’s dominant theory of how the universe began, how it organized itself into galaxies, and how it will end. But in recent years, cosmologists, the people who study the universe on the largest scales of space and time, have begun to worry that this story, and particularly its final act, might be wrong. Some talk of revolution. A growing number now say that the standard model should be replaced.
通过促成暗能量发现的研究，里斯为后来被称为“宇宙学标准模型”的理论增添了最后一块拼图。事实上，很少有人像里斯一样，在将标准模型确立为该领域关于宇宙起源、星系构成以及最终走向的主导理论的过程中发挥了如此重要的作用。但近年来，宇宙学家——那些在时空最大尺度上研究宇宙的人——开始担心，这个理论，尤其是它最终的结局，可能是错误的。有人甚至提出了革命性的观点。如今，越来越多的人认为标准模型应该被取代。
Adam Riess is among them.
亚当·里斯 (Adam Riess) 就是其中之一。
Whenever a big theory of the universe is teetering, the old guard tends to close ranks; hence, the classic joke about science progressing one funeral at a time. Riess easily could have joined the old guard. He could have been its commanding officer. When he returned from Stockholm with his prize in 2011, he found that his academic life had changed. People around him started to behave oddly, he told me. Some clammed up. Others argued with him about trivial things, he said, perhaps so they could boast of having dunked on a Nobel laureate. Riess was besieged with invitations to sit on panels, give talks, and judge science fairs. He was asked to comment on political issues that he knew nothing about. He told me he was even recruited to run major scientific institutions.
每当一个重要的宇宙理论摇摇欲坠时，保守派往往会团结起来；因此，就有了那句经典的笑话：科学的进步就像一场场葬礼。里斯本可以轻易地加入保守派，成为他们的指挥官。2011 年，当他带着诺贝尔奖从斯德哥尔摩回来时，他发现自己的学术生涯发生了变化。他告诉我，周围的人开始举止怪异。有些人闭口不谈。他说，其他人会为一些鸡毛蒜皮的小事与他争论，或许是为了吹嘘自己曾与诺贝尔奖得主有过交集。里斯收到了很多邀请，包括参加小组讨论、发表演讲和担任科学博览会评委。他被要求对他一无所知的政治问题发表评论。他告诉我，他甚至被聘请去管理一些重要的科研机构。
Riess wondered about that path—being the big boss of a NASA mission or gliding around a leafy university as its chancellor. He could see the appeal, but he hated fundraising, and unlike other, older Nobel laureates, he said, Riess still felt that he had scientific contributions to make, not as an administrator, but as a frontline investigator of capital-n Nature. “Scientists sometimes tell themselves this myth: I’ll go lead this thing, and then I’ll come back and do research,” he told me. But then, by the time they’ve finished up with their administrative roles, they’ve lost touch with the data. They become clumsy with the latest software languages. “The science passes them by,” Riess said.
里斯琢磨着这条路——是成为 NASA 任务的大佬，还是在一所绿树成荫的大学里当校长。他能理解其中的吸引力，但他讨厌筹款。而且，与其他年长的诺贝尔奖得主不同，里斯表示，他仍然觉得自己应该为科学做出贡献，不是作为行政人员，而是作为《资本与自然》杂志的一线研究人员。“科学家们有时会给自己灌输这样的迷思： 我去领导这个项目，然后回来做研究 ，”他告诉我。但是，等到他们卸任行政职务后，就与数据脱节了。他们对最新的软件语言感到笨手笨脚。“科学与他们擦肩而过，”里斯说。
Riess decided to stick with research. There was plenty to do. The standard model had not solved cosmology. Even in 2011, people knew that the theory was lacking some important details. For one, 96 percent of the standard model’s universe is made up of dark energy and dark matter—and yet no scientist had ever detected either one directly. Cosmologists had good reasons to believe that both exist in some form, but any intuitions about how one might find either in the actual universe had not proved out. Something major seemed to be missing from the picture.
里斯决定继续研究。还有很多工作要做。标准模型尚未解决宇宙学问题。即使在2011年，人们也知道该理论缺少一些重要的细节。首先，标准模型宇宙的96%由暗能量和暗物质组成——然而，从未有科学家直接探测到其中任何一种。宇宙学家有充分的理由相信两者都以某种形式存在，但任何关于如何在实际宇宙中找到它们的任何直觉都尚未得到证实。这幅图景似乎缺少了一些重要的东西。
To get a better handle on these mysteries, theorists needed some new data. They badly wanted to know the rate at which the universe expands at different times, and for that they had to know the distances to galaxies from Earth with greater precision. This was Riess’s specialty: He would wait until he saw a certain kind of star explode in a far-off galaxy, and then he’d photograph its unfolding detonation in real time. He knew these supernovas always reached a certain luminosity, which meant he could figure out how far away they were by measuring their brightness in his telescope. The dimmer they were, the farther away.
为了更好地解开这些谜团，理论物理学家需要一些新的数据。他们迫切想知道宇宙在不同时期的膨胀速度，为此，他们必须更精确地测量地球与星系的距离。这正是里斯的专长：他会等到遥远星系中某种类型的恒星爆炸，然后实时拍摄其爆炸的全过程。他知道这些超新星总会达到一定的光度，这意味着他可以通过测量望远镜的亮度来计算它们的距离。它们越暗，距离就越远。
I’m making this sound a lot easier than it is. Taking a snapshot of an exploding star from tens of millions of light-years away involves many subtleties. You have to subtract out light from the bright stars that surround it, in its own galaxy. The glow of the Milky Way will also sneak into your images, and so will the sun’s; you have to get rid of those too. At the same time, interstellar dust clouds near the star will block some of its light, as will dust in the Milky Way. These dimming effects must be accounted for. The circuits and other parts of your telescope will add noise to your image. The hundreds of thousands of pixels in your camera aren’t all the same, and their differences will need to be sussed out ahead of every observation.
我把这说得容易听着难，但实际操作起来却难。从数千万光年之外拍摄一颗爆炸恒星的快照涉及许多微妙之处。你必须减去它周围明亮恒星的光，包括它所在星系的光。银河系的光芒也会潜入你的图像中，太阳的光芒也是如此；你也必须去除它们。同时，恒星附近的星际尘埃云会阻挡部分光线，银河系中的尘埃也是如此。这些暗化效应必须考虑在内。望远镜的电路和其他部件会给你的图像增加噪点。相机中数十万像素的像素并不完全相同，每次观测之前都需要弄清楚它们的差异。
Riess had never stopped trying to master these delicate additions and subtractions of light. Within the field, his measurements have long been regarded as the most precise, according to Colin Hill, a cosmologist at Columbia who does not work with Riess. But in 2011, Riess and his team developed an even better technique for measuring cosmic distances with the Hubble Space Telescope. (The idea came to him in the swimming pool, he said.)
里斯从未停止尝试掌握这些精细的光的增减。据哥伦比亚大学宇宙学家科林·希尔（Colin Hill，未与里斯合作）所说，里斯的测量结果长期以来一直被认为是该领域最精确的。但在 2011 年，里斯和他的团队开发了一种利用哈勃太空望远镜测量宇宙距离的更先进的技术。（里斯说，这个想法是在游泳池里突然想到的。）
As these new and better data piled up, a problem soon emerged. With each measured distance to another galaxy, Riess would update his calculation of the current expansion rate of the universe. To his alarm, the answers he was getting differed from those produced another way. Some cosmologists don’t bother with the distances to galaxies and look, instead, at the afterglow of the Big Bang. They can then take the expansion rate that they see in that snapshot of the early universe and extrapolate it forward on the basis of assumptions from the standard model. In other words, the latter approach takes it as a given that the standard model is correct.
随着这些更新、更精准的数据不断积累，一个问题很快浮现。里斯每测量一个星系的距离，他计算出的宇宙膨胀速率就需要更新一次。令他担忧的是，他得到的答案与其他方法得出的答案截然不同。有些宇宙学家并不关心星系的距离，而是关注大爆炸的余晖。然后，他们可以利用早期宇宙快照中观测到的膨胀速率，并基于标准模型的假设进行外推。换句话说，后一种方法将标准模型的正确性视为既定事实。
Riess expected that this discrepancy between the two expansion rates would fade with further observations. But it was stubborn. The more he looked at distant galaxies, the more pronounced the difference became. Indeed, the mere fact of its existence presented the cosmologists with a serious problem. They became so vexed that they had to give it a name: the Hubble tension.
里斯原本预计，随着进一步的观测，两种膨胀速率之间的差异会逐渐消失。但这种差异却根深蒂固。他观察的遥远星系越多，这种差异就越明显。事实上，这种差异的存在本身就给宇宙学家们带来了一个严峻的难题。他们为此苦恼不已，不得不给它起了个名字：哈勃张力。
Riess wondered if the observations of the early universe that fed into the other measurement’s equations might be wrong. But neither he nor anyone else could find fault with them. To Riess, this suggested that the Hubble tension could be a product of a broken theory. “It smelled like something might be wrong with the standard model,” he told me.
里斯怀疑，那些被输入到其他测量方程中的早期宇宙观测结果是否可能有误。但他和其他人都挑不出毛病。对里斯来说，这表明哈勃张力可能源于一个失效的理论。“这感觉像是标准模型出了问题，”他告诉我。
If the standard model were to topple, the field of cosmology would be upended, and so would an important part of the grand story that we’ve been telling ourselves about the end of the universe. And so, naturally, with weighty matters of career, ego, and the very nature of existence at stake, the Hubble tension has led to a bit of tension among cosmologists.
如果标准模型崩溃， 宇宙学领域将被颠覆，我们一直以来讲述的宇宙终结宏大故事中的一个重要部分也将随之瓦解。因此，哈勃事件自然而然地在事关职业、自我以及存在本质等重大问题上引发了宇宙学家之间的一些紧张关系。
Some of the field’s most prominent scientists told me that they still expect the problem to disappear with more data, and that Riess may be getting ahead of himself. Wendy Freedman, a professor at the University of Chicago, has made her own measurements of the local universe, using different exploding stars, and the Hubble tension shows up in her data too. But it’s smaller. She told me it’s too soon to tell what the problem is: her measurements, the standard model, or something else. She would want to know the distances to many more galaxies before deciding on the culprit. She would also want to see multiple methods of measurement converging. At a minimum, hers and Riess’s should match up. Hill, the cosmologist from Columbia, expressed a similar view.
该领域一些最杰出的科学家告诉我，他们仍然预计随着数据的增加，这个问题会消失，而里斯的结论可能有些操之过急。芝加哥大学教授温迪·弗里德曼利用不同的爆炸恒星对局部宇宙进行了测量，哈勃效应也体现在她的数据中。但影响较小。她告诉我，现在判断问题出在哪里还为时过早：是她的测量结果、标准模型，还是其他什么原因。在确定罪魁祸首之前，她希望知道更多星系的距离。她还希望看到多种测量方法相互融合。至少，她和里斯的测量结果应该一致。哥伦比亚大学的宇宙学家希尔也表达了类似的观点。
David Spergel, the president of the Simons Foundation, who has for decades held a lot of sway in the field, agrees that it’s premature to start dancing on the standard model’s grave. “Adam speaks very loudly,” Spergel said. “He argues vociferously with whoever disagrees with him.”
西蒙斯基金会主席戴维·斯珀格尔几十年来在该领域一直拥有很大的影响力，他也认为现在就为时过早，在标准模型的坟墓上跳舞。“亚当说话声音很大，”斯珀格尔说。“他会大声地与任何反对他的人争论。”
Riess does indeed prosecute his case with vigor. Still, no one has been able to find an error in his measurements, and not for lack of trying. His numbers have been cross-checked with observations from both the Hubble and James Webb Space Telescopes. Sean Carroll, a cosmologist and philosopher at Johns Hopkins who is not on Riess’s team, told me that Riess has done a “heroic job” of knocking systematic errors out of his measurements. But Carroll said that it is still too early to tell if the Hubble tension will hold up, and definitely too early to throw out the standard model. “If the implications weren’t so huge, people wouldn’t be so skeptical,” Carroll said.
里斯确实在积极地推进他的理论。然而，没有人能够在他的测量中找出任何错误，这并非因为他缺乏尝试。他的数据已经与哈勃和詹姆斯·韦伯太空望远镜的观测结果进行了交叉检验。约翰·霍普金斯大学的宇宙学家兼哲学家肖恩·卡罗尔（Sean Carroll）并非里斯团队的成员，他告诉我，里斯在消除测量中的系统性误差方面做得“非常出色”。但卡罗尔表示，现在判断哈勃张力是否能持续还为时过早，而抛弃标准模型则绝对为时过早。“如果影响不是那么巨大，人们就不会如此怀疑了，”卡罗尔说。
Riess grew visibly exasperated when we discussed these objections. He blamed them on the “sociology” of the field. He said that a clique of cosmologists—Spergel and “other graybeards”—who work on the early universe have tended to dismiss conflicting data. (For the record, Riess’s own goatee is observably gray.) Even so, at least one of them had come around to his view, he said. Riess had sent data to George Efstathiou, a well-respected early universe cosmologist who’d been a vocal skeptic of the Hubble tension. On his desktop computer, Riess showed me Efstathiou’s reply: “Very convincing!”
当我们讨论这些反对意见时，里斯明显恼火了。他把这些反对意见归咎于该领域的“社会学”。他说，研究早期宇宙的一小群宇宙学家——斯佩格尔和“其他老家伙”——倾向于驳斥相互矛盾的数据。（顺便说一句，里斯的山羊胡子明显是灰色的。）即便如此，他说，他们中至少有一人最终接受了他的观点。里斯曾将数据发送给乔治·埃夫斯塔西奥，这位备受尊敬的早期宇宙学家曾直言不讳地质疑哈勃矛盾。里斯在他的台式电脑上给我看了埃夫斯塔西奥的回复：“非常有说服力！”
I didn’t want to make too much of what might have been politeness, so I followed up with Efstathiou myself. In the email that he wrote to me, he was more circumspect than he had been with Riess: “I don’t have much to say on the Hubble tension.” So far as he could tell, Riess’s measurements didn’t contain any errors, but he couldn’t rule out the possibility that something in them was wrong.
我不想太过拘谨，所以亲自联系了埃夫斯塔西奥。在他给我的邮件里，他比回复里斯时更加谨慎：“关于哈勃争议，我没什么好说的。” 据他所知，里斯的测量结果没有任何错误，但他不能排除其中存在问题的可能性。
Riess believes that in time he will be vindicated. He believes that the Hubble tension will likely grow more pronounced and that more cosmologists will start to question the standard model. For someone who helped stand up that theory, he comes off as gleeful about this possibility. Maybe this is just his scientific mindset: always deferential to the data. Or perhaps he simply craves the thrill of being right, again, about the fundamental nature of the universe.
里斯相信，假以时日， 他的观点终将被证明是正确的。他相信，哈勃理论的争议可能会更加激烈，越来越多的宇宙学家将开始质疑标准模型。作为一个帮助确立该理论的人，他对这种可能性显得欣喜若狂。或许这只是他的科学思维模式：始终尊重数据。又或许，他只是渴望再次体验到关于宇宙基本本质的正确判断所带来的刺激。
When I visited Riess, back in January, he mentioned he was looking forward to a data release from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, a new observatory on Kitt Peak, in Arizona’s portion of the Sonoran Desert. DESI has 5,000 robotically controlled optic fibers. Every 20 minutes, each of them locks onto a different galaxy in the deep sky. This process is scheduled to continue for a total of five years, until millions of galaxies have been observed, enough to map cosmic expansion across time. The observatory was preparing to release its second batch of data. Riess thought the information might produce another challenge to the standard model.
今年一月，我拜访里斯时，他提到他期待着暗能量光谱仪（DESI）的数据发布。DESI 是一座位于亚利桑那州索诺兰沙漠基特峰的新天文台。DESI 拥有 5000 根由机器人控制的光纤。每隔 20 分钟，每根光纤都会锁定深空中的一个不同星系。这个过程预计将持续五年，直到观测到数百万个星系，足以绘制宇宙随时间膨胀的轨迹。该天文台正准备发布第二批数据。里斯认为，这些信息可能会对标准模型再次构成挑战。
In the simplest version of the theory, the strength of dark energy—the faint, repulsive force that’s everywhere in the universe, pushing it apart—is fixed for all eternity. But DESI’s first release, last year, gave some preliminary hints that dark energy was stronger in the early universe, and that its power then began to fade ever so slightly. On March 19, the team followed up with the larger set of data that Riess was awaiting. It was based on three years of observations, and the signal that it gave was stronger: Dark energy appeared to lose its kick several billion years ago.
在该理论最简单的版本中，暗能量（一种在宇宙中无处不在、将宇宙推开的微弱排斥力）的强度是永恒不变的。但去年 DESI 首次发布的数据给出了一些初步暗示，表明暗能量在早期宇宙中更为强大，之后其强度开始逐渐减弱。3 月 19 日，该团队提供了里斯期待已久的更大规模数据。这些数据基于三年的观测，给出的信号更为强烈：暗能量似乎在几十亿年前就失去了它的“引力”。
This finding is not settled science, not even close. But if it holds up, a “wholesale revision” of the standard model would be required, Hill told me. “The textbooks that I use in my class would need to be rewritten.” And not only the textbooks—the idea that our universe will end in heat death has escaped the dull, technical world of academic textbooks. It has become one of our dominant secular eschatologies, and perhaps the best-known end-times story for the cosmos. And yet it could be badly wrong. If dark energy weakens all the way to zero, the universe may, at some point, stop expanding. It could come to rest in some static configuration of galaxies. Life, especially intelligent life, could go on for a much longer time than previously expected.
这一发现并非定论，甚至还差得远。但如果它成立，就需要对标准模型进行“全面修订”，希尔告诉我。“我课堂上使用的教科书都需要重写。” 不仅仅是教科书——宇宙将以热寂终结的观点已经逃离了枯燥乏味、技术性十足的学术教科书世界。它已经成为我们主流的世俗末世论之一，或许也是最著名的宇宙末日故事。然而，它可能大错特错。如果暗能量逐渐减弱到零，宇宙可能在某个时刻停止膨胀。它可能会静止在某种静态的星系结构中。生命，尤其是智慧生命，可能会比之前预期的持续更长时间。
If dark energy continues to fade, as the DESI results suggest is happening, it may indeed go all the way to zero, and then turn negative. Instead of repelling galaxies, a negative dark energy would bring them together into a hot, dense singularity, much like the one that existed during the Big Bang. This could perhaps be part of some larger eternal cycle of creation and re-creation. Or maybe not. The point is that the deep future of the universe is wide open.
如果暗能量继续衰减，正如 DESI 结果所表明的那样，它确实可能一路衰减到零，然后变为负值。负的暗能量不会排斥星系，而是会将它们聚集在一起，形成一个炽热致密的奇点，就像大爆炸时期的奇点一样。这或许是某个更大的永恒的创造与再创造循环的一部分。或许并非如此。关键在于，宇宙的深层未来是无限的。
I called Riess after the DESI results came out, to see how he was feeling. He told me that he had an advance look at them. When he’d opened the data file in his office, a smile spread across his face. He’d been delighted to see another tough result for the standard model. He compared the theory to an egg that is breaking. “It’s not going to cleave neatly in one place,” he said. “You would expect to see multiple cracks opening up.”
DESI 结果出来后，我打电话给里斯，问问他感觉如何。他告诉我他提前看过了。当他在办公室打开数据文件时，脸上绽放出笑容。他很高兴看到标准模型又一次得出了令人难以接受的结果。他把这个理论比作一颗正在破碎的鸡蛋。“它不会在一个地方整齐地裂开，”他说，“你会看到多个裂缝。”
Whether the cracks—if they really are cracks—will widen remains to be seen. Many new observations will come, not just from DESI, but also from the new Vera Rubin Observatory in the Atacama Desert, and other new telescopes in space. On data-release days for years to come, the standard model’s champions and detractors will be feverishly refreshing their inboxes. For the moment, though, Riess believes that the theorists have become complacent. When he reaches out to them for help in making sense of his empirical results, their responses disappoint him. “They’re like, Yeah, that’s a really hard problem,” he said. “Sometimes, I feel like I am providing clues and killing time while we wait for the next Einstein to come along.”
这些裂缝（如果它们真的是裂缝的话）是否会进一步扩大还有待观察。许多新的观测结果将会涌现，不仅来自 DESI，还有来自阿塔卡马沙漠新建的维拉·鲁宾天文台和其他新的太空望远镜。在未来几年的数据发布日，标准模型的拥护者和反对者将会疯狂地刷新他们的收件箱。不过，就目前而言，里斯认为理论家们已经变得自满了。当他向他们寻求帮助以理解他的实证结果时，他们的回应让他失望。“他们会说， 是的，这是一个非常难的问题 ，”他说。“有时候，我觉得自己是在提供线索和消磨时间，等待下一个爱因斯坦的出现。”
When I talked to Riess for the last time, he was at a cosmology conference in Switzerland. He sounded something close to giddy. “When there’s no big problems and everything’s just kind of fitting, it’s boring,” he said. Now among his colleagues, he could feel a new buzz. The daggers are out. A fight is brewing. “The field is hot again,” he told me. A new universe suddenly seems possible.
我最后一次和里斯交谈时，他正在瑞士参加一个宇宙学会议。他听起来近乎得意忘形。“当没有大问题，一切都井井有条的时候，感觉很无聊，”他说。现在，在同事们中间，他能感受到一种新的氛围。剑拔弩张，一场斗争正在酝酿。“这个领域又火起来了，”他告诉我。一个新的宇宙似乎突然变得可能。
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